ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Alzheimer disease is the main cause of dementia associated with aging in Cuba and the world. Development of methods for early diagnosis is vital to increasing intervention effectiveness and improving patient quality of life. Recent studies have shown associations between alterations in serum levels of antineuronal antibodies and Alzheimer disease pathology. However, the specific relationship between such antineuronal antibodies and Alzheimer pathogenesis remains unclear because of the great variety of antibodies identified and their heterogeneity among patients and nondemented controls. OBJECTIVE Assess the association between serum levels of antibodies against neuronal antigens (total brain protein, aldolase and amyloid beta protein) and cognitive performance in older Cuban adults. METHODS A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted of adults aged ≥65 years living in Havana’s Playa Municipality and Artemisa Province (southwest of Havana). A sociodemographic and risk factor questionnaire was administered, neuropsychological assessment conducted, and physical and neurological examinations performed. A relative or caregiver was also interviewed. Laboratory tests included: complete blood count, glycemia, lipid panel, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Of 143 individuals studied, 33 were cognitively normal, 52 had mild cognitive impairment, and 58, probable Alzheimer disease. Serum antibody levels were determined by ELISA and compared using covariance analysis with a significance level of 0.05. ELISA specificity, sensitivity and predictive value were assessed by analyzing their respective diagnostic performance curves. RESULTS Patients with probable Alzheimer disease performed least well on the mini mental state examination (cognitively normal 28.8, SD 1.2; mild cognitive impairment 27.4, SD 2.2; probable Alzheimer disease 12.9, SD 6.5; ANOVA p <0.001). The percentage of Apo E4 carriers was seven times greater in the group with probable Alzheimer disease than in the cognitively normal group. Among the antibodies studied, only those against amyloid beta peptide had levels significantly higher in the Alzheimer disease group than in the cognitively normal group (p = 0.007) and the group with mild cognitive impairment (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Results support the presence of an autoimmune component in Alzheimer disease and suggest that serum anti–amyloid-beta could be used for its diagnosis.

Introduction: the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) is a brief, rapid test which may be performed in 5 to 10 minutes and is broadly used to evaluate cognitive decline. Objective: characterize subjects with mild cognitive impairment based on results obtained with the mini-mental state examination. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive subjects aged ³ 50, who were evaluated in consultation at the dementia service of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital. The 46 subjects included were distributed in two groups: 26 with and 20 without mild cognitive impairment. Results: alterations were found in the areas of Registration, Attention and Calculation and Recall. Registration and Recall were only affected in the mild cognitive impairment group. Total MMSE score was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive impairment versus the group without the condition. Conclusions: the subjects with mild cognitive impairment were basically characterized by total MMSE scores below normal values and the presence of alterations, mainly in the Recall area, but also in Registration.

Introducción: el miniexamen del estado mental es un test breve y rápido, que puede realizarse en 5 o 10 min y es ampliamente usado para evaluar el declive cognitivo. Objetivo: caracterizar a sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve, según los resultados obtenidos en el miniexamen del estado mental. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a sujetos con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la Consulta de Demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Las 46 personas incluidas, se distribuyeron en dos grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin esta afección. Resultados: se encontraron alteraciones en el Registro, la Atención y Cálculo y el Recuerdo. El Registro y el Recuerdo, solamente se afectaron en el grupo con deterioro cognitivo leve. El puntaje total del miniexamen del estado mental fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve que en el grupo sin esta afección. Conclusiones: los sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve se caracterizaron en lo fundamental por tener puntajes en el miniexamen del estado mental por debajo de las cifras normales y presencia de alteraciones, sobre todo en el Recuerdo, pero también en el Registro.

Introduction: age is one of the more studied variables in patients presenting with memory and dementia disorders. Many papers show the protector effect of schooling. Objective: to determine the behavior of age and schooling in subjects presenting with a slight cognitive deterioration. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted including subjects aged ³ 50, assessed by its consecutive order in dementia consultation of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central and Military Hospital. The 46 included were distributed into two groups: 26 with slight cognitive deterioration and 20 without such deterioration. Results: the figure of patients with slight cognitive deterioration rose insofar as the cases had a great age. Those with a low schooling level (secondary school concluded or less) had 16.7 times more risk to present such affection than those with a high schooling level(middle or university). Conclusions: the existence of a direct relation between age and the schooling level to the presence of a slight cognitive deterioration.

Introducción: la edad es una de las variables más estudiadas en los pacientes con trastorno de memoria y demencia. Diversos trabajos muestran el efecto protector de la escolarización. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la edad y la escolaridad en sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a sujetos con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la consulta de demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Los 46 incluidos, se distribuyeron en dos grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin deterioro cognitivo leve. Resultados: el número de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve se elevó en la medida que los casos tuvieron mayor edad. Aquellos con escolaridad baja (secundaria concluida o menos) presentaron 16,7 veces más riesgo de tener dicha afección que los que tenían escolaridad alta (media o universitaria). Conclusiones: se determinó la existencia de una relación directa entre la edad y la escolaridad con la presencia de deterioro cognitivo leve.

In every civilization to extend maximum life expectancy has been a perm.anent aspiration. As a result of the increasing in life expectancy there has been a progressive and continuum growing of the number of people older than 65 years old. In this aging group it is also originated a proliferation of chronic diseases among which dementia syndrome take a relevant place. To define normal cognitive aging is complex, but the majority of the researchers affirm that the normal elderly, it mind without any illness do no have any cognitive deterioration. The symptoms at the initial stated of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mild and superpose with the changes referable to aging. It been said that MCI is a transitional stated between the normal cognitive capacity and a clear identification of AD (continuum cognitive). To identify the individual with the major risk of development this type of dementia is now a topic of great theoretical and practical interest. The measurement of episodic memory and executive functions are the most sensible so as to detect individuals developing dementia. It is them of the great important the early evaluations of cognitive changes that appear in the elderly people.

Prolongar la esperanza máxima de vida ha sido una aspiración permanente en todas las civilizaciones. Como resultado de tal incremento en la esperanza de vida, existe un progresivo y continuo crecimiento del número de personas mayores de 65 años. En este grupo etáreo, se origina una proliferación creciente de un número importante de enfermedades crónicas, entre las que el síndrome demencial ocupa un lugar relevante. Definir el envejecimiento cognitivo normal es complejo, pero la mayoría de los investigadores afirma que el anciano normal, es decir, sin ninguna enfermedad, no tiene deterioro cognitivo. Los síntomas en la fase inicial de la EA son leves y se superponen con los cambios atribuibles al envejecimiento. Se plantea, que el DCL sea un estado transicional entre las capacidades cognitivas normales y una claramente reconocible EA (continuum cognitivo). Identificar a los individuos con mayor riesgo de desarrollar este tipo de demencia, es actualmente un tópico de gran interés teórico y práctico. Las mediciones de memoria episódica y función ejecutiva son las más sensibles para detectar individuos que desarrollarán demencia. Es de suma importancia, entonces, poder evaluar tempranamente los cambios cognitivos que se presenten en los ancianos.

The murmurs about the cognitive functions in the patients are the rising motive to the consults. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is consider a pathologic group according to the anual valuation of the evolution to the Alzheimer's disease (AD), generally superior to 10%. It had been propose that there is a continuum between normal aging and AD. Lost of memory is an important characteristic of this disease so the diagnosis can be put in doubt if it is no present. MCI is accepted like a diagnostic entity and refers to the temporary state between normality and dementia. Several results had revealed the association of some neuropsychological test with the future diagnosis of the dementia. The pharmacological treatment of MCI can delay the clinical diagnosis of the AD.

Las quejas sobre la función cognitiva de los pacientes son un motivo creciente de atención en las consultas. El deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), es considerado como un grupo patológico, según las tasas anuales de evolución a enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), generalmente superiores a 10%. Se propone, que exista un continuum entre el envejecimiento normal y la EA. La pérdida de memoria es tan característica de esta última, que su diagnóstico deberá ponerse en duda si no está presente. El DCL, es aceptado como una entidad diagnóstica y se refiere a un estado transitorio entre la normalidad y la demencia. Diversos resultados han revelado la asociación de algunas pruebas neuropsicológicas con el diagnóstico futuro de demencia. El tratamiento farmacológico del DCL puede retrasar el diagnóstico clínico de la EA.

The minimental state examination is a simple and fast test (five or ten minutes), and is very used to assess the cognitive decline. The aim of present research was to characterize those combatants presenting with a mild cognitive deterioration according the results achieved in minimental state examination. Authors made a cross-sectional prospective and descriptive study in combatants aged ³ 50 assessed by its consecutive order seen in the dementia consultation at "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital during 2002-2003. The forty six combatants included were divided into two groups: 26 presenting with mild cognitive deterioration and 20 without this state. We found alterations in register, attention, calculation, and memory. The register and the memory were affected in group with mild cognitive deterioration. Total score of minimental state examination was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive deterioration than those in the group without it.

El miniexamen del estado mental es un test breve y rápido, que puede realizarse en 5 ó 10 min y es ampliamente usado para evaluar el declive cognitivo. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar a combatientes con DC leve según los resultados obtenidos en el miniexamen del estado mental. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal que incluyó a combatientes con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la consulta de demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" durante el período 2002-2003. Los 46 combatientes incluidos, se distribuyeron en 2 grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin deterioro cognitivo leve. Se encontraron alteraciones en el registro, atención y cálculo y recuerdo. El registro y recuerdo, solamente se afectó en el grupo con deterioro cognitivo leve. El puntaje total del miniexamen del estado mental fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve que en el grupo sin deterioro cognitivo leve.